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The Origins of Totalitarianism
''The Origins of Totalitarianism'' ((ドイツ語:Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft), "Elements and Origins of Totalitarian Rule"; 1951), by Hannah Arendt, describes and analyzes Nazism and Stalinism, the major totalitarian political movements of the 20th century.
==History==
''The Origins of Totalitarianism'' (1951) describes the rise of anti-Semitism in central Europe and in western Europe in the early-to-mid 19th century; then examines the New Imperialism, from 1884 to the start of the First World War (1914–18); then traces the emergence of racism as an ideology, and its modern application as an “ideological weapon for imperialism”, by the Boers during the Great Trek (1830s–40s) in the early 19th century.
Arendt's work was preceded by ''An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races'' (1853–55), by Arthur de Gobineau, an initial elaboration of scientific racism, and the anti-patriotic and anti-nationalist racism of Henri de Boulainvilliers. Besides bureaucracy, experimentally applied in Egypt, by Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, racism was the main trait of colonialist imperialism, itself characterized by unlimited territorial and economic expansion, as illustrated by Cecil Rhodes. That unlimited expansion necessarily opposed itself and was hostile to the territorially delimited nation-state. Arendt traces the roots of modern imperialism to the accumulation of excess capital in European nation-states during the 19th century. This capital required overseas investments outside of Europe to be productive and political control had to be expanded overseas to protect the investments. She then examines "continental imperialism" (pan-Germanism and pan-Slavism) and the emergence of "movements" substituting themselves to the political parties. These movements are hostile to the state and antiparliamentarist and gradually institutionalize anti-Semitism and other kinds of racism. Arendt concludes that while Italian Fascism was a nationalist authoritarian movement, Nazism and Stalinism were totalitarian movements that sought to eliminate all restraints upon the power of the movement.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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